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| abbr. - abbreviation, abbreviated | abr. - abridged, abridgment |
| acad. - academic, academy | adapt. - adapter, adaptation, adapted by |
| adj. - adjective, adjourned, adjustment | adm. - administration, admiral |
| adv. - adverb | agr. / agri. / agric. - agricultural, agriculture |
| Amer. - America, American | anon. - anonymous - author unknown |
| app. - appended, appendix, appointed | approx. - approximately |
| arch. - archaic | arr. - arranged (music), arrival, arrived, arrives (travel) |
| art. - article | assn. - association |
| assoc. - associate, associated | attrib. - attributed to |
| aux. - auxiliary verb | b. - base, bass, bat, battery, bay, book, born, brother |
| bact. - bacteria, bacteriology | bap. - baptized |
| Bcc - blind carbon copy | |
| bib. - Bible, biblical | bibliog. - bibliographer, bibliography, bibliographic |
| biog. - biographer, biography, biographical | biol. - biology |
| bk. - bank, block, book | bkg. - banking |
| BL - British Library, London | bldg. - building |
| blvd. - boulevard | BM - British Museum, London (1973 transferred to BL) |
| bot. - botanical, botany | bp. - bishop |
| brig. - brigade, brigadier | brig. gen. - brigadier general |
| bro. - brother | bull. - bulletin |
| bur. - bureaus | © / copr. - copyright (e.g. © 2017) |
| c. - circa - about, to cite doubtful dates in history (e.g. c.1911) | ca. - circa - about, approximate dates used in narrative |
| c.a. - chartered accountant, chief accountant, commercial agent, consular agent, controller of accounts | cal. - calendar, caliber, small calorie |
| cap. - capital, capitalize | capt. - captain |
| cath. - cathedral | cc / cc. / c.c. - cubic centimeters. Cc - carbon copy |
| CD - compact disc | CD-ROM - compact disc read-only memory |
| cent. - centigrade, centimeter, central, century | cf. - Latin confer = compare |
| ch. - chaplain, chapter, check (chess), chief, child, children, Latin chirurgia = surgery, church | chap. - chaplain, chapter |
| chem. - chemical, chemist, chemistry | chm. - chairman, checkmate (chess) |
| chor. - choreographer, choreographed by | chron. - chronology |
| cir. / circ. - circular, Latin circa = about | cit. - citation, cited, citizen |
| civ. - civil, civilian | clk. - clerk |
| cm / cm. - centimeter(s) | co. - company, county |
| c.o. / c/o - care of, carried over | c.o.d. - cash on delivery, collect on delivery |
| col. - collected, collector, college, colonel, colonial, colony, column | coll. - college |
| colloq. - colloquial, colloquialism | com. - comedy, command, commandant, commerce, commercial, commission(er), committee, commodore, common, communication, community |
| comdr. - commander | comr. - commissioner |
| comp. - compiler, compiled by | compar. - comparative |
| con. - concerto, consolidated, consul | cond. - conductor, conducted by |
| conf. - conference | Cong. - congress |
| Cong. Rec. - Congressional Record | conj. - conjunction |
| consol. - consolidated | Const. - Constitution |
| constr. - construction | cont. - containing, contents, continent, continental, continue, continued |
| cont. / contd. - continued | corp. - corporal, corporation |
| cp. - candlepower, compare | cpl. - corporal |
| cr. - credit, creditor, creek | crit. - criticism |
| ct. - carat, cent, court | cu. - cubic |
| cwt. - hundredweight | d. - dam (pedigrees), date, daughter, day(s), dead, democrat, density, diameter, died |
| d. - pence, penny | DA, DAI - Dissertation Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International |
| DAB - Dictionary of American Biography | dec. - deceased, declaration, declension, declination, decrease, Italian deprescendo = decreasing in loudness (music) |
| def. - definition, definite | deg. - degree(s) |
| dep. - department, departure, deposit, depot, deputy | dept. - department, deputy |
| der. / deriv. - derivation, derivative | dev. - development, developed by |
| diag. - diagram | dial. - dialect |
| dict. - dictionary | dim. - Italian diminuendo = diminishing in loudness (music) |
| dipl. - diplomat, diplomatic | dir. - director, directed by |
| disc. - discount, discovered | diss. - dissertation |
| dist. - distinguished, district | distr. - distribution, distributed by |
| div. - dividend, division, divorced | dm / dm. - decameter, decimeter |
| DNB - Dictionary of National Biography | do. - Latin ditto = the same |
| doc. - document | doz. - dozen |
| dpt. - department | dr. - debit, debtor, drachma, dram |
| d.t. - delirium tremens, double time | dup. / dupl. - duplicate |
| DVD - digital videodisc | DVD-ROM - digital videodisc read-only memory |
| dwt. - pennyweight | |
| e / e. - erg, errors (Baseball) | ea. - each |
| eccl. / eccles. - ecclesiastical | ecol. - ecology |
| econ. - economic, economics, economy | ed. - editor, edited, edited by, edition eds. - editors |
| edu. - educational, (domain name extension, e.g. www.harvard.edu) | educ. - education, educational |
| e.g. - Latin exempli gratia = for example | elec. / elect. - electric, electrical, electrician, electricity |
| elev. - elevation | e-mail - electronic mail |
| emp. - emperor, empire, empress | e.m.u. - electromagnetic unit |
| enc. - enclosed | ency. / encyc. / encycl. - encyclopedia, encyclopaedia |
| eng. - engineer, engineering, engraved | enl. - enlarged (e.g. rev. and enl. ed.) |
| entom. / entomol. - entomologist, entomology | esp. - especially |
| est. - established, estimate | et al. - Latin et alibi = and elsewhere,
Latin et alii, et aliae, et alia = and others |
| et passim. - and here and there, used to cite pages scattered throughout the source indicated | et seq. - Latin et sequens = and the following, Latin et sequentes or seqentia = and those that follow, meaning the pages that follow |
| etc. - Latin et cetera = and so forth | ex. - examined, example |
| exch. - exchange, exchequer | exec. - executive, executor |
| ex lib. - Latin ex libris = from the books of | f - Italian forte = loud (music) |
| f. - farad, father, farthing, fathom, feminine, fluid (ounce), folio (size), following, franc, frequency | fac. - faculty fac. / fax - facsimile |
| facsim. - facsimile | |
| fed. - federal, federated, federation | fem. - female, feminine |
| ff - Italian fortissimo = very loud (music); ff - folios (several sheets of folio size, or pages following) | ff. / fol. - folios, following |
| fig. - figure | fin. - finance |
| fl. - florin, flourished, fluid (Latin floruit - for use before historical dates are known, e.g. fl. 300 BC) | fn. - footnote |
| fr. - fragment, franc, from | front. - frontispiece |
| ft = feet, foot; ft. - fort | fut. - future |
| fwd. - foreword, foreword by | g / g. / gm - gram |
| gal / gall. - gallon | gaz. - gazette, gazetteer |
| gen. - gender, genera, general, genus (e.g. gen. ed.) | geog. - geographer, geographical, geography |
| geol. - geologic, geologist, geology | geom. - geometric, geometry |
| gloss. - glossary | gov - government (domain name extension,
e.g. www.irs.gov) gov. - governor |
| govt. - government | GPO - Government Printing Office, Washington, DC |
| gr - grain(s), gram(s) | gram. - grammar, grammarian |
| hab. corp. - Latin habeas corpus = that you have the body | |
| H. Doc. - House of Representatives Document | her. - heraldry |
| hist. - historian, historical, history | HMSO - Her (His) Majesty's Stationery Office, London |
| hort. - horticultural, horticulture | hr - hour(s), HR - House of Representatives |
| H. Rept. - House of Representatives Report | H. Res. - House of Representatives Resolution |
| ht. - height | http - hypertext transfer protocal (e.g. https://www.bydewey.com) |
| ib. / ibid. - Latin ibidem = in the same place of the work as cited immediately above | |
| id. - Latin idem = the same | i.e. - Latin id est = that is |
| illus. - illustrator, illustration, illustrated by | imp. - imperative, imperial, imports, Latin imprimatur = let it be printed |
| in. - inch, inches | in loc. cit. - Latin in loco citato = in the place cited |
| in re - in the matter of | inc. - including, income, incorporated |
| infin. - infinitive | |
| ins. - inches, insurance | inst. - instant, institute, institution |
| intl. - international | introd. - introduction, introduced by |
| ips - inches per second (e.g. tape recorder speeds: 7 1/2 ips, 15 ips, 30 ips) | irreg. - irregular |
| is. - island, isle | ISP - Internet service provider |
| jour. - journal | Jr. - Junior |
| jud. - judicial | k. - kilo, kilogram, thousand |
| KB - kilobyte | kg - kilogram (note: no period after kg) |
| kilo. - kilogram, kilometer | km - kilometer (note: no period after km) |
| kt. - carat | kw - kilowatt (note: no period after kw) |
| l - liter | l, ll - line, lines (to avoid confusion, better to spell out line, lines) |
| lab. - laboratory | lang. - language |
| lat. - latitude | lb - Latin libra = pound |
| LC - Library of Congress | leg. - legal |
| legis. - legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature | lib. - liberal, librarian, library |
| lieut. / lt. - lieutenant | lit. - literally, literary, literature |
| loc. cit. - l.c. - Latin loco citato = in the place cited; in the same passage, same work, same page, by same publisher and same author as cited previously. | lon. / long. - longitude |
| LP - long-playing phonograph record | ltd. - limited |
| m. - male, married, meridian, Latin meridies = noon, meter, mile, minute, month |
mach. - machine, machinist |
| mag. - magazine | maj. - major |
| mas. / masc. - masculine | math. - mathematician, mathematics |
| MB - megabyte | mdse. - merchandise |
| mech. - mechanical, mechanics | mem. / memo - Latin memento = remember, memorandum |
| med. - medical, medicine, medieval | |
| mfg. - manufacturing | mfr. - manufacture, manufacturer |
| mg / mg. / mgm - milligram | mgr. - manager |
| mi - miles, mill (note: no period after mi) | misc. - miscellaneous |
| ml / ml. - milliliter | mm - millimeter(s), Latin millia = thousands |
| mo. - month(s) | mod. - moderate, modern |
| MS / MSS - manuscript, manuscripts | mt. / mts. - mount, mountain, mountains |
| mus. - museum, music, musician | n / nn - note, notes |
| n. - noun | narr. - narrator, narrated by |
| natl. - national | nav. - naval, navigation |
| NB - Latin nota bene = mark well, take notice, note well | n.d. - no date of publication |
| NED - A New English Dictionary (now OED - Oxford English Dictionary) | n.n. - no name |
| neg. - negative | no. - number |
| non seq. - Latin non sequitur = it does not follow | nonstand. - nonstandard |
| n.p. - no place of publication, no publisher | n. pag. - no page number, no pagination |
| ns - new series | NS - New Style (New Style calendar: Gregorian calendar was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII on 24 Feb. 1582) |
| numb. - numbered | |
| obit. - obituary | obj. - object, objective |
| obs. - obsolete | OCLC - Online Computer Library Center |
| OED - The Oxford English Dictionary (formerly NED - New English Dictionary) | op. - opus (work - especially musical composition) |
| op. cit. - Latin opere citato = in the work cited, but not the same page | orch. - orchestra, orchestrated by |
| org. - organization (domain extension, e.g. en.wikipedia.org) | orig. - original, originally |
| os - old series, original series | OS - Old Style (Old Style calendar: Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, came into force 45 BC) |
| oz. - ounce (Italian abbrev. of onza) | p. / pp. - page, pages |
| P - Press (e.g. UP - University Press) | par. - paragraph, parallel |
| part. - participle | |
| passim - here and there | pat. /patd. - patent, patented |
| pct. - percent | p.d. - Latin per diem = by the day |
| PDF - portable document format | pen. - peninsular |
| per se - by itself, of itself | perf. - performer, performed by |
| philol. - philology, philological | philos. - philosopher, philosophy |
| phys. - physical, physician, physicist, physics | pl. - plate, plural |
| poss. - possessive | ppd. - postpaid, prepaid |
| pref. - preface, preface by | prep. - preposition |
| pres. - present | prin. - principal, principle |
| proc. - proceedings | prod. - produced by, producer, production |
| pro tem. - Latin pro tempore = for the time being | pron. - pronoun, pronunciation |
| pronunc. - pronunciation | PS - postscript |
| pseud. - pseudonym - pen name | psych. / psychol. - psychological, psychologist, psychology |
| pt - pint (note: no period after pt) | pt. - part, payment, point, port |
| pub. / publ. - public, publisher, publication, published by | Pub. L. - Public Law |
| pwt - pennyweight (note: no period after pwt) | |
| q. - quarto, question | q.v. - Latin quod vide - which see |
| qr. - quarter | qt - quart (note: no period after qt) |
| qt. - quiet (slang) | qtd. - quoted |
| ques. - question | quot. - quotation |
| r. - reigned | r.b.i. / rbi / RBI - run(s) batted in (Baseball) |
| rec. - receipt, recipe, record, recorded | ref. - referee, reference, reformed. Ref. - Reference (section in Library) |
| reg. - regent, regiment, region, registered, registrar, regular, regulation | rel. - relative, release |
| rept. - report, reported by | res. - resolution |
| resp. - respectively | rev. - review, reviewed by, revision, revised, revised by |
| riv. - river | RLIN - Research Libraries Information Network |
| rpm - revolutions per minute (unit of frequency used to measure rotational speed of gramophone/phonograph records, which typically rotate at 16, 33⅓, 45, or 78 rpm). | rps / r.p.s. - revolutions per second (measurement of the frequency of a rotation, also a unit of angular velocity). |
| rpt. - reprint, reprinted, reprinted by | s. - saint, second, semi-, shilling, silver, sire, solo, son, soprano, south. S / SS - Saint, Saints |
| S - Senate | sc. - scene |
| S. Doc. - Senate Document | sch. - school |
| sci. - science, scientific, scientist | sculp / sculp. - sculptor, sculptural, sculpture |
| sec - secant, second(s) | sec. / secy. - secretary |
| sec. / sect. - section | ser. - series |
| serg. / sergt. / sgt. - sergeant | sess. - session |
| [sic.] - thus in the source (exactly as quoted) | sing. - singular |
| soc. - society | sol. - solicitor |
| sp. - special, species, specific, specimen, spelling, spirit | spec. - special |
| sq. - square, sequence | Sr. - Senior |
| S. Rept. - Senate Report | S. Res. - Senate Resolution |
| st. - stanza | St. /Sts. - Saint, Saints |
| Stat. - statistic, thermostat, photostat, Statutes at Large, Latin statim = immediately | |
| sub. - submarine, substitute, suburb | subj. - subject, subjective, subjunctive |
| substand. - substandard | sup. - superior, supplement, supply, (Latin supra = above), supreme |
| supp. - supplement | supt. - superintendent |
| surg. - surgeon, surgery | sym. - symbol, symphony |
| syn. - synonym, synonymous | t. - temperature, tempo, (Latin tempore = in the time of), tenor, tense (grammar), territory, time, ton(s), town, transitive, troy (weight) |
| tbs. / tbsp. - tablespoon | tel. - telegram, telegraph, telephone |
| temp. - temperature, temporary | terr. - territory |
| theol. - theologian, theological, theology | topog. - topographical, topography |
| trans. / tr. - transitive, translated by, translation, translator | treas. - treasurer, treasury |
| trig. / trigon. - trigonometric, trigonometry | TS / TSS - typescript, typescripts |
| tsp. - teaspoon | twp. - township |
| U - University (e.g. UP - University Press) | ult. - ultimate |
| univ. - universal, university | UP - University Press |
| URL - uniform resource locator (e.g. https://www.bydewey.com/ is the URL for A Research Guide for Students by I Lee) | USC - United States Code |
| usu. - usually | uv - ultraviolet (note: no period after uv) |
| v. - verb, verse, versus, Latin vide = see, voltage, von (German name), v. = toward, opposite | var. - variant |
| vb. - verb | VCR - video cassette recorder |
| vers. - version | vet. - veteran, veterinary |
| VHS - video home system (a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders (VCRs) | |
| vide ante- see the preceding | vide infra - see below or the following |
| vide supra - see above | viz. - Latin videlicet = namely |
| vol. - volcano, volume | vox. pop. - Latin vox populi = voice of the people |
| v.p. - vice president, vice principal | v.s. - Latin vide supra = see above |
| vs. / v. - Latin versus = against | vs. / vss. - verse, verses |
| wpm - words per minute | writ. - writer, written by |
| wt - weight (no period after wt) | www - World Wide Web |
| yd - yard(s) | yr - year |
| zn = zinc |
The above list of abbreviations is by no means complete. For a more exhaustive list of common and specialized abbreviations please see Abbreviation from Wikipedia.
For a complete list of Common Scholarly Abbreviations and Reference Words, please see Chapter 7.4 in MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7th Edition or see Part 2: Details of MLA Style, 1. The Mechanics of Scholarly Prose, 1.6 Abbreviations in MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition.
Note: When documenting sources using MLA style, the normal punctuations are omitted for degrees when used in parentheses, tables, works cited, and so forth. For example, B.A. is written as BA. Other abbreviations retain the periods if applicable, e.g. acad., bib., misc.
| BA - Bachelor of Arts | BBA - Bachelor of Business Administration |
| BS - Bachelor of Science | DA - Doctor of Arts |
| EdD - Doctor of Education | JD - Doctor of Law (Latin juris doctor) |
| LLB - Bachelor of Laws (Latin legum baccalaureus) | LLD - Doctor of Laws (Latin legum doctor) |
| LLM - Master of Laws (Latin legum magister) | MA - Master of Arts |
| MBA - Master of Business Administration | MD - Doctor of Medicine (Latin medicinae doctor) |
| MS - Master of Science | PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (Latin philosophiae doctor) |
| Ado - Much Ado about Nothing | Ant. - Antony and Cleopatra |
| AWW - All's Well That Ends Well | AYL - As You Like ItAnt. - Antony and Cleopatra |
| Cor. - Coriolanus | Cym. - Cymbeline |
| Err. - The Comedy of Errors | F1 - First Folio edition (1623) |
| F2 - Second Folio edition (1632) | Ham. - Hamlet |
| 1H4 - Henry IV, Part 1 | 2H4 - Henry IV, Part 2 |
| H5 - Henry V | 1H6 - Henry VI, Part 1 |
| 2H6 - Henry VI, Part 2 | 3H6 - Henry VI, Part 3 |
| H8 - Henry VIII | JC - Julius Caesar |
| Jn. - King John | LC - A Lover's Complaint |
| LLL - Love's Labour's Lost | Lr. - King Lear |
| Luc. - The Rape of Lucrece | Mac. - Macbeth |
| MM - Measure for Measure | MND - A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| MV - The Merchant of Venice | Oth. - Othello |
| Per. - Pericles | PhT - The Phoenix and the Turtle |
| PP - The Passionate Pilgrim | Q - Quarto edition |
| R2 - Richard II | R3 - Richard III |
| Rom. - Romeo and Juliet | Shr. - The Taming of the Shrew |
| Son. - Sonnets | TGV - The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| Tim. - Timon of Athens | Tit. - Titus Andronicus |
| Tmp. - The Tempest | TN - Twelfth Night |
| TNK - The Two Noble Kinsmen | Tro. - Troilus and Cressida |
| Ven. - Venus and Adonis | Wiv. - The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| WT - The Winter's Tale |
The above abbreviations have been gathered from various lists of Abbreviations of Works by Shakespeare:
● List of Abbreviations: Shakespeare's Works from Oxford Academic.
● Standard Abbreviations of Shakespearean Titles, with bias towards MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition, 2016 (1.6.4).
● The Correct Way to Cite Shakespearean Works by Forest Time, eHow Contributor. Example - parenthetical reference in MLA format: (Mac. 1.3.14-17) refers to Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 14 to 17 of "Macbeth."
● Abbreviations, symbols, and conventions and
Glossary from Shakespeare's Words, copyright 2020 by David Crystal and Ben Crystal.
| AUD - Australian dollar | BRL - Brazilian real |
| CAD - Canadian dollar | CHF - Swiss franc |
| CKZ - Czech koruna | CLP - Chilean peso |
| CNY - Chinese yuan/Renminbi | COP - Colombian peso |
| DKK - Danish krone | EUR - Euro |
| GBP - (Great Britain) United Kingdom pound | HKD - Hong Kong dollar |
| HUF - Hungarian forint | IDR - Indonesian rupiah |
| ILS - Israel sheqel | INR - Indian rupee |
| JPY - Japanese yen | KOR - South Korean won |
| MXN - Mexican peso | MYR - Malaysian ringgit |
| NGN - Nigerian naira | NOK - Norwegian krona |
| NTD - New Taiwan dollar | PEN - Peruvian nuevo sol |
| PHP - Philippine peso | PLN - Polish zloty |
| RON - Romanian leu | RUB - Russian ruble |
| SEK - Swedish krona | SGD - Singapore dollar |
| THB - Thailand baht | TRL - Turkish lira |
| USD - United States dollar | ZAR - South African rand |
| ZMW - Zambian kwacha |
The above acronyms and abbreviations have been taken from IG Wealth Management Interim Report of 30 Sep 2022 and are by no means complete. They represent a fraction of about 176 currency codes from around the world. See Currency Acronyms and Abbreviations from easyMarkets, alphabetically listed by countries.
60 Famous Acronyms for Companies and Organizations by Jennifer Betts, B.A. , Staff Writer, YourDictionary.com, Oct 22, 2020.
Abbreviation from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Types of abbreviations include acronym and initialism (including three-letter acronyms), apocope, clipping, elision, syncope, syllabic abbreviation, and portmanteau.
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms from Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing.
Abbreviations and Acronyms. Farm Policy Abbreviations and Acronyms from Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE), Ohio State University: College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences (CFAES).
Abbreviations and Acronyms from Government of Canada. This section provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations used by Correctional Service Canada, programs and services.
Abbreviations and Official Names of Countries in Europe.
Abbreviations and symbols for the geographical names of the provinces and territories of Canada.
Abbreviations of Chemical Compounds. Example: Type in your keywords to search, e.g. asa = Results for ASA
- acetylsalicylic acid
+ CH3-COO-2-C6H4-COOH
+ 2-acetyloxy benzoic acid.
Abbreviations of University Degrees from everything2.com. See also:
● British Degree Abbreviations & Academic degree from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
● Style Manual from Samford University on the correct way of writing university degree abbreviations.
● Degree abbreviations from degree.studentnews.eu.
● Academic Degrees. Writing degrees correctly. Example: Do not precede a name with a title of an academic degree and follow it with the abbreviation for that degree. From Styleguide, Carnegie Melon University.
Abbreviations.com is the world's largest and most comprehensive directory and search engine for acronyms, abbreviations and initialisms on the Internet. Browse by Category: Computing, Internet, Academic & Science, Medical, Business, Governmental, Community, Regional, International, Miscellaneous. Over 420,000 Entries, 134 Categories, 311 Editors + MetaSearch. Search Abbreviations A-Z.
Acronym Finder. Look up acronyms, abbreviations and their meanings.
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Acronym Search. Your source for acronyms and abbreviations.
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Organization Names from The California State University (CSU).
Acronyms and Abbreviations Dictionary from businessballs.com.
Acronyms and Abbreviations Used at MIT from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Acronyms and Abbreviations. List of acronyms and abbreviations used by Industry Canada sectors, branches, products, programs and services.
Air Traffic Management Glossary of Terms - Acronym - Meaning from Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC), U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Abbreviations - References from CIA - The World Factbook.
BABEL: A Glossary of Computer Oriented Abbreviations and Acronyms by Irving & Richard Kind.
Bibliographical Abbreviations (Music), General Abbreviations (Music) and Library Sigla - Abbreviations for libraries holding music-related manuscripts (A-Y by countries), from Oxford Music Online.
Bibliographical Abbreviations (Egypt/ANE). Compiled for the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum (EEF), version 38 (March 2011).
Bird Species Code Abbreviations. Table shows bird abbreviations for all non-extinct bird species that have been recorded in Massachusetts. See also:
● Six-letter Code for ABA Bird Checklist Species. List of Codes and Rules for Constructing Abbreviations of Bird Species Names: A Six-letter Code System by Bruce M. Bowman.
● Standardized 4- and 6-Letter Bird Species Codes from the Institute for Bird Populations.
● Table of Genus/Species - Contaminant Exposure and Effects-Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) Database from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Genus / Species and Common Names for Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
The Canonical Astronomy Abbrev/Acro List. Astronomy abbreviations and acronyms.
Common Abbreviations from Fact Monster for kids.
Common Abbreviations and Acronynms from AllEarsNet.com - Deb's Unofficial Walt Disney World Information Guide.
Common Abbreviations and Acronyms in Electronics.
● Electronic Engineering Abbreviations, Acronyms.
● Electronic Component Name Abbreviations.
● Commonly Used Acronyms from Electronix Express.
● Electronics acronyms and abbreviations. 855 acronyms and abbreviations related to Electronics.
● Semiconductor Symbols and Abbreviations.
● Electrical Engineering acronyms and abbreviations. 346 acronyms and abbreviations related to Electrical Engineering.
● Electrical Abbreviations by architect Michael Noll of Archtoolbox, Architect's Technical Reference.
● What abbreviations are used in electrical engineering? A glossary of abbreviations used in electrical engineering.
● List of Electrical Abbreviations from Architect's Technical References.
● Electrical Basic Abbreviations and Full Forms from Scribd.
Common Abbreviations Used in International Narcotics from Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 2012 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), U.S. Department of State.
Common Computer, IT, and Technology Abbreviations. Common Computer Abbreviations by Kate Miller-Wilson, B.A. English, Your Dictionary. Listed are some of the numerous important computer abbreviations in use today, including storage abbreviations. Operating Systems and Data Storage Abbreviations. Internet, Networking, and Connectivity Abbreviations. Common Cloud Computing Abbreviations. Common (Artificial Intelligence) AI Abbreviations. Common Email and Chat Abbreviations. Email Abbreviations. Emoticons.
Common Medical Abbreviations from GlobalRPh Inc.
Dictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms in Geographic Information Systems, Cartography, and Remote Sensing from University of California, Berkeley, by Philip Hoehn and Mary Lynette Larsgaard. Designed by John Creaser. This dictionary decodes abbreviations and acronyms found in various publications including maps and websites. Browse A-Z, Numbers, Other Lists.
Element Symbols List: Abbreviations for the Chemical Elements by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Chemistry Expert, About.com.
Glossary of military abbreviations from Wikipedia.
● Abbreviations: Military. Browse 27,934 acronyms and abbreviations related to Military.
● Common Military Acronyms from Military One Source.
● Glossary of Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms. Published by the Defense Acquisition University (DAU) Press, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 13th Edition, November 2009, Author: Gary Hagan.
● Glossary of German Military Terms and Abbreviations
● Glossary of Military Acronyms from Military.com
● Militaria Abbreviations and References: Mail Order Catalogue Meanings
● Military Abbreviations, Acronyms and Terms
● Military Acronyms from Your Dictionary.
● Military Glossary of Acronyms: The who's who of what's that.
● Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary
● United States Military Rank Abbreviation: US Air Force, Coast Guard, Navy, Marines and Army. Must scroll down about a quarter of the way to view abbreviations. Includes USAF Officers Rank Insignia and Structure.
GovSpeak: A Guide to U.S. Government Acronyms & Abbreviations.
HyperWar - World War II on the WorldWideWeb - Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms.
Inter Active Terminology for Europe (IATE). European Commissions multilingual term bank. The automatic dictionary was launched in 1964. Entries are classified into 48 subject fields (ranging from medicine to public administration). Languages include Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. A typical entry contains the term itself and its synonyms, together with definitions, explanatory notes, references, etc. At present the term bank contains about 5,500,000 entries (terms and abbreviations), subdivided into more than 800 collections.
Internet Acronym Server. Search for acronyms and for words used in acronyms. What's an Acronym? History of Acronyms. Historical and Current Use of Acronyms.
ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions - Part 1: Country codes. It defines three sets of country codes: 1. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - two-letter country codes. 2. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 - three-letter country codes. 3. ISO 3166-1 numeric - three-digit country codes. ~ From Wikipedia.
List of acronyms and initialisms: 0-9, A-Z from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
List of Commonly Used Abbreviations by Alvin Park , Staff Writer, YourDictionary.com, Apr 21, 2022.
List of computing and IT abbreviations from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
List of Government Acronyms compiled by Deborah Hollis and Norberto Lozoya-Escobar, edited by Jennie Gerke, from University of Colorado at Boulder (UCB) Libraries.
● DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms as of August 2017 from DoD = Department of Defense (US government). "The DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (DOD Dictionary) sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components."
● Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 8 November 2010 (As Amended Through 15 February 2016).
● Military Terms and Acronyms. Space: Above And Beyond (SAAB). Fanfic Writers Database.
List of U.S. Army acronyms and expressions from Wikipedia.
List of Two-Letter Combinations from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See also Four-Letter Abbreviations (FLAB). "A FLAB is an abbreviation using four letters. It is an abbreviation of Four Letter ABbreviation."
List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions from Wikipedia.
Common Medical Abbreviations List (Acronyms and Definitions) by Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR, Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, MedicineNet. See also Common Medical Abbreviations from GlobalRPH.com.
Military Abbreviations and Acronyms of the US Armed Forces.
Medical Abbreviations Glossary in PDF from JD.MD.
Military Acronyms, Initialisms, and Abbreviations.
Military Terms and Definitions. Comprehensive list of U.S. military terms and definitions. Military Acronyms and Abbreviations - Acronym Finder. Army Acronyms and Abbreviations - Acronym List.
MilitaryWords.com. Military Words - site contains over 5,700 US Department of Defense terms and over 100,000 military and government acronyms and abbreviations.
Music Abbreviations from Abbreviations.com. See also:
● Abbreviations - Oxford Music Online.
● Alphabetical List of American (A) and British (B) Musical Terms.
● Basic glossary of musical forms from Yale University Library - Irving S. Gilmore Music Library. Printer friendly version.
● Classical Music in the 21st Century - Common Music Terms.
● Glossary of musical terminology from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
● Musical Terminology / Glossary / Definitions - Dictionary of Musical Terms A-Z.
● OnMusic Dictionary. Type in a music abbreviation, e.g. "ff" in Search box. Result: Abbreviation for fortissimo.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Abbreviations. Listed alphabetically by company name, from Government of Manitoba.
Physics Abbreviations from Abbreviations.com. Symbols and Abbreviations (Physics). List of symbols and abbreviations. Lecture Physics of materials by H. S. Leipner 2001-09, last revision 2008-09. List of Common Physics Abbreviations from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Pitman Shorthand, part 1 of 3 (Revised) by Dracopol. YouTube video, 9:58 min.
● Pitman Shorthand, part 2 of 3 (Revised) by Dracopol. YouTube video, 7:49 min.
● Pitman Shorthand, part 3 of 3 (Revised) by Dracopol. YouTube video, 7:18 min.
Pitman ShortHand Writing lessons. Introduction by Suraendra ben. YouTube video, 2:54 min. Days 1-30 Lessons.
● Day 1 . Consonants Pitman ShortHand Writing lessons by Suraendra ben. YouTube video, 13:46 min.
● Day 30. Grammalogues :: Doubling ( Good bye ):: Pitman ShortHand Writing Lessons by Suraendra Ben. YouTube video, 4:32 min.
Proofreaders' Marks at a Glance from BioMedical Editor. "Proofreaders' Marks are symbols and notations for correcting typeset pages. The proofreader places these marks in the margins and in corresponding lines of text. A slash separates marginal marks that appear on the same line." See examples: Marginal Mark, Textual Mark, Instruction.
Rx Riddles Solved! from Vallalar Hospital, 2 Feb 2014.
Sig Codes from Pharmacy Technician. A few examples:
• 1°, 2° = 1 hour, 2 hours
• 1H, 2H, etc. = every hour, every 2 hours, etc.
• a = before
• ac = before meals ("before a meal" if once daily dosing)
• ad = right ear
• aq = water
• as = left ear
• au = both ears
• bid = twice daily
• c = with
• C = 100
• cc = with food
• fid = five times daily
• hs = at bedtime
• H2O = water
• IV = intravenously (for injectables)
• lot = lotion
• noct = night
• npo, NPO = nothing by mouth
• od = right eye (or once daily)
• os = left eye
• ou = both eyes
• p = after
• pc = after meals ("after a meal" if once daily dosing)
• pc breakfast = after breakfast
• po, per os = by mouth
• prn = as needed
• q = every
• q 4 h = every 4 hours
• q 7 PM= every day at 7 PM
• qam = every morning
• qd = every day or once daily
• qd/es = twice daily on an empty stomach
• qhs = at bedtime
• qid = four times daily
• qn = every night
• qod = every other day
• qpm = every evening / insulin
• tid = three times daily
• ud, utd = as directed
• ung = ointment
• wc = with meals ("with a meal" if once daily dosing)
Acronyms and Abbreviations. The Acronyms section of this website is powered by the Acronym Finder. The Acronym Finder allows users to decipher acronyms from a database of over 1,000,000 entries covering computers, technology, telecommunications, and the military.
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers v8.0.236 by MobiSystems, Inc. 17 Aug. 2017. 40,000 entries and definitions from all areas of medicine, 350 illustrations, Audio pronunciations, Helpful hints.
State Abbreviations and State Postal Codes from Fact Monster.
Telecommunications and Virtual Phone System Glossary of Terms from Freedom800. Commonly used terms include: ACD. ANI, ANSI, FDDI, ISDN, IVR, PBX, PDF, POTS, PSTN, SMS, SMS800, SOHO, TIF, VoIP.
Top 150 Prescription Abbreviations and their Medical Meanings. Medically reviewed by Leigh Ann Anderson, PharmD, Nov 22, 2024.
U.S. Government Acronyms and Abbreviations from About.com. See also GovSpeak: A Guide to U.S. Government Acronyms & Abbreviations: Home by Kelly L. Smith. The most current, extensive and fully-linked listing of U.S. government agency, office, program and publication acronyms.
United States Postal Service - Official USPS Abbreviations.
Street Suffixes - abbreviations for Annex, Avenue, Boulevard ...
Secondary Unit Designators - abbreviations for Apartment, Basement, Floor ...
Look Up a Zip Code. ZIP is an acronym that stands for "Zone Improvement Plan".
See Addressing for more info on shipping addresses.
● Glossary of Postal Terms and Abbreviations in the DMM. DMM = Domestic Mail Manual. 800 Quick Service Guide from United Stsates Postal Service (USPS).
Appendix D - USPS State Abbreviations and FIPS Codes from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Usenet Abbreviations. The list of 125 Usenet acronyms and abbreviations, from AllAcronyms.com, Dec 2021.
Vietnam War Glossary: A-L. Vietnam War Glossary: M-Z from Alpha History. This Vietnam War glossary contains definitions of words, terms and concepts pertaining to the struggle for Vietnam between the 19th century and 1975. Words from M to Z. This glossary has been written and compiled by Alpha History authors.
● Vietnam War Terms and Slang from Thoughtco.com.
● Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War A-C.
● Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War D-J. "This site is dedicated to the Army Medics / Navy Corpsmen named on the Vietnam Memorial Wall and to the men with whom I served in the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry, First Cavalry Division (Airmobile)." Copyright 1998 - 2007 by John D. Dennison.
What Do the Prescription Abbreviations Mean? By Carol Eustice, About.com Guide. "Centuries ago, all prescriptions were written in Latin ... Origins of Using 'Rx' for 'Prescription' - Its origins are given variously as an abbreviation of the Latin word 'recipe,' meaning 'take' ..."