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Links to related pages:
● How to Format a Research Paper in MLA Style, 7th ed
● How to Format a Research Paper in MLA Style, 6th ed
● Content Notes and Bibliographic Notes in MLA Style, 7th ed
● How to Write Footnotes and Endnotes in MLA Style, 6th ed.
● Footnotes and Endnotes - Examples in MLA Style, 6th ed.
● How to Write Parenthetical References - Examples in MLA Style, 7th
● ed.
● How to Write Parenthetical References - Examples in MLA Style, 6th ed.
● Works Cited, References, and Bibliography: What's the Difference?
● Guidelines on How to Write a Bibliography in MLA Style, 6th ed.
● How to Write a Bibliography - Examples in MLA Style, 7th ed.
● How to Write a Bibliography - Examples in MLA Style, 6th ed.
● Quoting Passages Using MLA Style, 7th ed.
● Quoting Passages Using MLA Style, 6th ed.
● Footnotes in MLA Style, 6th ed. - Sample Page
● Endnotes in MLA Style, 6th ed. - Sample Page
● Parenthetical References in MLA Style, 6th ed. - Sample Page
● Works Cited in MLA Style, 7th ed. - Sample Page
● Works Cited in MLA Style, 6th ed. - Sample Page
● Research, Writing, and Style Guides (MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, CGOS, CBE)
For a detailed treatment on citing sources using MLA style with many more examples, please use the official MLA Handbook:
All information relating to MLA style as presented in this Web site has been based on this authoritative publication from the Modern Language Association of America.
Works Cited is sometimes referred to as References. The terms mean the same thing. Each is an alphabetical list of works cited, or works to which you have made reference. Works Cited is generally used when citing sources using MLA (Modern Language Association) style, while the title References is used when citing sources using APA (American Psychological Association) style.
Works Cited and Bibliography are not the same. In Works Cited you only list items you have actually cited. In a Bibliography you list all of the material you have consulted in preparing your essay whether or not you have actually cited the work.
Entries in Works Cited, References, or Bibliography are put in alphabetical order by last names of authors, editors, translators, etc. or by first words of titles.
If the first word of the title is "The", "A", or "An", and the word is being used as an article, e.g., in the title: The Little Book of Irish Clans, the entry is placed under "Little" and the article "The" is ignored. In the title: A Is for Apple, however, the entry is placed under A since A is used as a noun and not as an article in this case.
Sometimes the article "The" is used as part of the name of a company or magazine or journal for emphasis, e.g., The Champ, or The Sports Network. For Internet sites, use the URL as a guide. If "theyellowpages" is used in the URL, treat "The" as part of the title, and list "The Yellow Pages" alphabetically under "The". If "edge" and not "theedge" is used in the URL, list the magazine title "The Edge" under "Edge" and treat "The" as an article and ignore it.
Where appropriate, a cross reference may be used to direct readers to the proper location, e.g. Yellow Pages, The See The Yellow Pages.
Remember:
1. DO NOT number entries.
2. DO NOT list citations separately by categories. All references are placed in ONE ALPHABETICAL LIST by first words of citations, regardless of where citations come from.
3. Begin on a new page. Start on the 6th line from the top (or 1" down from the top of the paper), center, and type one of the following titles: Works Cited, References, or Bibliography. Double space after the title. List all entries in alphabetical order by the first word, taking into consideration the rules governing titles that begin with articles.
4. Begin the first line of each entry flush at the left margin. Keep typing until you run out of room at the end of the line. Indent 5 spaces for second and subsequent lines of the same entry. Double-space all lines, both within and between entries. Remember that this is only a guideline adapted from the MLA Handbook. You are advised to follow the style preferred by your instructor.
Works Cited, References, or Bibliography Sample Page:
Works Cited
Allen, Mark. The Greatest Secret of All: Moving Beyond Abundance to a Life of True Fulfillment. Novato, CA: New World, 2008.
Brune, James N., Matthew D. Purvance, and Abdolrasool Anooshehpoor. "Gauging Earthquake Hazards with Precariously Balanced Rocks." American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2007: 36-43.
Classroom Connect - Library Hot Five. "Library Hot Five #241: Online Magazines for Kids." E-mail to HOT5@LISTSERV.CLASSROOM.COM. 17 Sept. 2004.
Collins, Ronald K.L., and David M. Skover. The Trials of Lenny Bruce: The Fall and Rise of an American Icon. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2002.
"Doctors Object to Role in Airline Seating Policy." Toronto Star 10 Jan. 2009: A18.
Doran, D'Arcy. "3 Film Projects Planned on Former KGB Agent." Buffalo News 14 Jan. 2007: A6.
"E-Money Slips Quietly into Oblivion." Nikkei Weekly [Tokyo] 22 Jan. 2001: 4.
Gates, Bill. "A Robot in Every Home." Scientific American Jan. 2007: 58-65.
Gordin, Michael D. "The Science of Vodka." Letter. New Yorker 13 Jan. 2003: 7.
The Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. Personal photograph by B. Davenport. 29 May 2015.
"Ho Chi Minh." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9 Mar. 2008 <https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9367175>.
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Prod. Frank Marshall. Writ. George Lucas. Perf. Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett, Karen Allen, and Shia LaBeouf. Paramount, 2008.
King, Stephen. Black House. New York: Random, 2001.
---. From a Buick 8: A Novel. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
Koslow, Bob. "More Owners Losing Homes: Foreclosures Jump 82 Percent in Dec." Daytona Beach News-Journal 15 Jan. 2009: 1A+.
Law and Order. Prod. Wolf Film in assoc. with Universal Television. NBC Television Network. WHEC, Rochester, NY. 13 Mar. 2003.
Longin, Hellmut. Telephone interview. 28 June 2014.
"Magic School to Open in Erie, Pa." Buffalo News 14 Jan. 2007: A13.
Marshall, Leon. "Mandela in Retirement: Peacemaker without Rest." National Geographic.com. 9 Feb. 2001. 16 Nov. 2008 <https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/02/0209_mandela.html>.
Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step. CD-ROM. Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2001.
Milne, Glenn. "Seniors Shun Materialism to Help save the Planet." Australian [Sydney] 6 Aug. 2007: 16.
Mitchell, Joni. Both Sides Now. CD. Reprise Records, Time Warner. Dist. Warner Music Canada, Scarborough, ON, 2000.
"Mug." Def. 2. The New Lexicon Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. Canadian ed. 1988.
NASONEX Nasal Spray, Schering. Advertisement. Newsweek. 9 Sept. 2002: 9.
"Nazi Party". New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1997 ed.
The Nutcracker. By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Chor. and Libretto James Kudelka. Cond. Ormsby Wilkins and Uri Mayer. National Ballet of Canada. Hummingbird Centre, Toronto. 30 Dec. 1999.
O'Keefe, Mark. "Definition of 'Rich' Is Elusive." Detroit Free Press 12 Jan. 2003: 1E+.
Page, Susan, and Richard Wolf. "Obama 'Humbled' by Limits of Job." USA Today 30 Apr. 2009: 1A.
Penny, Nicholas B. "Sculpture, The History of Western." New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998 ed.
PicoSearch. "Your PicoSearch Account Is Reindexed." E-mail to I. Lee. 27 Jan. 2009.
Popplewell, Brett. "The World Is Sinking in a Sea of Debt." Toronto Star 24 Jan. 2009: B1-2.
Pulda, Arnold. "Handling Hate Sites." Classroom Connect Newsletter May 2003: 18-19.
Rai, Arti K., and Rebecca S. Eisenberg. "Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine." American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 52-59.
Snaith, Sean. "The Key to Recovery: Diversifying." Orlando Sentinel 28 Dec. 2008: A17.
Svitil, Kathy A. "Can I Pour You a Pint of Light?" Discover Nov. 2002: 12.
---. "The 50 Most Important Women in Science." Discover Nov. 2002: 52-57.
"Top 100 Most Populous Countries." Aneki.com. 2009. 1 May 2009 <https://www.aneki.com/top_100_populous.html>.
Note: "The Tuxedo" is arranged alphabetically under "Tuxedo". The article "The" is ignored.
The Tuxedo. Dir. Kevin Donovan. Prod. John H. Williams and Adam Schroeder. Perf. Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. DreamWorks, 2002.
"What is Dry Eye?" TheraTears. Advertisement. 2006. 1 May 2009. <https://www.theratears.com/what.aspx>.
Whitehurst, Ellen. Make This Your Lucky Day. New York: Ballantine, 2008.
Wolanski, Eric, et al. "Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs." American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51.
Wright, Daniel. "Learn to Draw Thumper Step by Step." Cartoon. Cartoon Critters 2008. 9 Mar. 2008 <https://www.cartooncritters.com/drawthumper.htm>.